An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are a class of antibiotics, a large group also includes anti-virus, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic drugs. Antibiotics are chemicals manufactured or micro-organisms (such as bugs or germs such as bacteria and fungi). The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 in a significant breakthrough for medical science.
Antibiotics are drugs most prescribed in modern medicine.
Some antibiotics are “bactericidal”, which means that work kills bacteria. Other antibiotics are bacteriostatic, which means that the work to stop the bacteria multiply.
Any other type of antibiotic acts on several bacteria in different ways. For example, an antibiotic might inhibit the ability of a bacterium for glucose into energy or its ability to build their cell walls. If that happens, the bacteria dies instead reproduce.
Some antibiotics to treat a wide range of infections and are known as “broad spectrum” antibiotics. Others are only to fight effectively against certain types of bacteria and are regarded as “narrow spectrum” antibiotics.
Side effects of antibiotics
Antibiotics can literally save lives and are effective in treating diseases, bacterial infections. However, like all drugs, they have the potential to achieve what the side effects. Many of these side effects are not dangerous, but they can miserable life, while taking drugs.
Typically, antibiotics rarely serious side effects. The most common side effects are common antibiotics diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Mycoses in the mouth, stomach and intestine and vagina may also occur with antibiotics because they destroy the protection of “good” bacteria in the body (Überwucherung prevent, by a body) and the “Bad”, to deal with infection control.
Some people are allergic to antibiotics, especially penicillin. Allergic reactions cause facial swelling, itching and rashes and in severe cases, breathing disorders. Require allergic reactions immediate treatment.
Types of antibiotics
There are many types of antibiotics. The nature of taking antibiotics, it depends on the nature of the infection and what type of antibiotics are known to be effective.
The main classes of antibiotics:
Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Fluoroquinolones
Macrolides
Penicillins
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
There are some new parents of erythromycin (azithromycin and clarithromycin), that work the same way, but kill most bugs and a little less side effects. Antibiotics such as erythromycin are also called macrolides. Macrolides belong to the category of Polyketide natural products. Macrolides are antibiotics for the treatment of respiratory tract infections, genital, gastro-intestinal tract, soft tissue infections caused by susceptible strains of certain bacteria.
Macrolides link with ribosomes of bacteria sensitive to prevent the production of proteins. This measure is primarily bacteriostatic, but can also bactericidal in high concentrations.
Macrolides are very few problems of allergy, compared to the penicillins and cephalosporins, the greatest care of these drugs is that they irritate the stomach.
Macrolides, most often prescribed:
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
roxithromycin
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are antibiotics for treating infections by Gram-negative bacteria. Aminosides can be used in conjunction with penicillins, cephalosporins or obtaining a two pillars of the attack bacteria. Aminoglycosides pretty good job, but can the bacteria have become resistant. Given that aminoglycosides are structured easily in the stomach, it can not be applied, through the mouth and must be injected. If the injection, their side effects are possible damage to the kidneys and ears. This can be reduced by using the amount of drug in the blood and adjusting the dose, so that the drug is enough to kill bacteria, but not too much of it. Generally, aminoglycosides for short periods.
The aminoglycosides are stopping drugs from proteins of the bacterium. This effect is bactericidal.
The aminoglycosides, the most often prescribed:
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Kanamycin
Neomycin
Streptomycin
Tobramycin
Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are “generations” by their antimicrobial properties. Cephalosporins are classified as chronic, and are therefore in the first, second and third generation. Currently, three generations of cephalosporins are detected and a fourth has been proposed. Each new generation cephalosporins has antimicrobial properties Gram bigger than the previous generation. The future generation cephalosporins were more effective against resistant bacteria.
Cephalosporins are the treatment of pneumonia, STREP throat, Staph infections, almond pneumonia, bronchitis, otitis media, different types of skin infections, gonorrhea. Céphalosporine antibiotics are also often used for surgical prophylaxis. Cephalosporins are closely related to penicillin.
Bacteriocidal cephalosporins have an effect of inhibiting the synthesis of the cell wall of bacteria.
Cephalosporins prescribed most often:
First generation
cephazolin
cefadroxil
cephalexin
cephradine
Second generation
cefaclor
cefuroxime
cefprozil
loracarbef
Third generation
cefotaxime
cefixime
cefpodoxime
ceftazidime
cefdinir
Fourth generation
cefepime
cefpirome
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones are known as broad-spectrum antibiotics, ie they are effective against many bacteria. Fluoroquinolones are more frequent for the treatment of urinary tract infections, skin infections and respiratory tract infections (such as sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis). Frequently Asked side effects of fluoroquinolones are primarily the digestive system slight stomach upset or angry, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. They are usually mild and disappear over time. Fluoroquinolones should not be used during pregnancy.
Fluoroquinolones prevent bacteria, with its capacity of DNA. This activity makes it difficult for bacteria to multiply. This effect is bacteriocidal.
The fluoroquinolones, the most frequently prescribed:
Ciprofloxacin
gatifloxacin
gemifloxacin
levofloxacin
Moxifloxacine
norfloxacin
ofloxacin
trovafloxacin
Penicillins
Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929. Penicillins are treating skin infections, dental infections, ear infections, respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea. Penicillins are partly in combination with other ingredients provided beta-lactamase inhibitors protection of penicillin by bacterial enzymes that can destroy, before making their work.
Penicillins are generally very safe. The greater the risk of an allergic reaction, which can be serious. The people were allergic to cephalosporins are likely to be allergic to penicillin.
Penicillins block the construction of cell walls of bacteria, which helps break down the walls and, finally, killing bacteria.
The most often-prescribed penicillin:
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
bacampicillin
Oxacillin
Penicillin
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines are a family of antibiotics for treating a wide range of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines have been discovered in the late 1940’s and were very popular when they were discovered for the first time. The antibiotics tetracycline have a very wide range of measures.
Tetracyclines are mild for the treatment of acne, Rocky Mountain typhus, Lyme borreliosis, upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, typhoid fever.
The tetracyclines, the most often prescribed:
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Resistance to antibiotics
Antibiotics are very important in medicine but, unfortunately, the bacteria are capable of evolving resistance to them. Germs resistant to antibiotics are bacteria that are not killed by antibiotics most commonly used. If bacteria are exposed to and on antibiotics, bacteria can and are no longer affected by drugs.
Bacteria have several possibilities, as resistant to antibiotics. For example, they have an internal mechanism of changing their structure so that the antibiotic no longer works, they develop ways to neutralize or inactivate the antibiotic. In addition, the bacteria can genetic coding of antibiotic resistance among themselves, which is possible that bacteria exposed to an antibiotic never acquire resistance from those who have. The problem of antibiotic resistance is compounded when antibiotics for the treatment of diseases for which it has no benefit (for example, antibiotics are not effective against infections by viruses), and when they are widely used as a place of prophylactic treatment.
Resistance to antibiotics is a serious and growing problem, given that some diseases are more and more difficult to treat. The bacteria resistant ducks do not respond to antibiotics and infections continue to create. Some of these resistant bacteria can be treated with medication stronger, but some infections are difficult to heal, even with new or experimental drugs.
Article Source: http://antibiotics.aibolit-pharmacy.com